RESEARCH
The Restorative Effects of Multi-Sensory Open Space Design — The Example of Japanese Gardens
Summary
This study investigates how multi-sensory urban design, particularly focusing on nature, can help reduce stress and improve wellbeing among urban populations. Recognizing that modern urban life often leads to stress-related health issues and a weakening of interaction with natural environments, the study posits that well-designed public open spaces, acting as the “lungs” of the city, are crucial for health. The paper aimed to expand the knowledge base regarding the relationship between urban design characteristics, the sensorial aspects of space, and their therapeutic effects. The methodology employed a focused literature review covering concepts like Environmental psychology, Attention Restoration Theory (ART), and Psycho-physiological stress reduction theory, combined with a case study analysis using expert observation of Japanese gardens as prime examples of multi-sensory restorative environments.
The findings from the literature and the detailed analysis of Japanese gardens demonstrate a strong connection between engaging multiple senses in open space design and achieving restorative and healing effects. Japanese gardens are presented as meticulously planned sanctuaries that integrate visual (asymmetry, fractal composition, borrowed landscapes), sonic (water features, sounds of nature), textural (stepping stones, rocks, plants), and subtle olfactory elements to create calming atmospheres that engage visitors without requiring effortful attention. This multi-sensory engagement is linked to theories like ART, which suggests that environments allowing effortless attention (fascination) and a sense of being away are restorative. The paper concludes by providing a set of design guidelines and recommendations derived from this analysis, emphasizing the potential of well-designed, multi-sensory urban open spaces to act as therapeutic environments and enhance overall public health and wellbeing.
