RESEARCH

Nature-Based Outdoor Activities for Mental and Physical Health: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

This systematic review and meta-analysis assess the effectiveness of nature-based outdoor activities in improving mental and physical health, focusing on structured interventions in green and blue spaces.

Program Types: Therapeutic

Population Groups: Older Adults/Seniors, Mental Health Challenges/Trauma, Physical Disabilities, Caregivers/Healthcare Professionals

Setting or Context: Community Gardens, Urban vs. Rural Settings, Natural Areas/Parks/Forest

Health and Wellness Outcomes: Improved Mental Health, Enhanced Emotional Well-being, Improved Stress Management, Improved Cognitive Function, Improved Physical Health, Increased Social Engagement & Skills

Type of Activity: Outdoor Gardening, Nature-Based Arts & Crafts, Forest/Natural Area Immersion

Evidence Type: Meta-Analyses/Systematic Reviews, Observational Research, Randomized Controlled Trials

Measurement and Evaluation: Metrics for Mental Health, Metrics for Physical Health, Program Effectiveness

Access: Free

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Summary

The study analyzed 50 studies, including randomized controlled trials, controlled studies, and before-and-after interventions, to evaluate the impact of nature-based interventions (NBIs) such as gardening, green exercise, and nature therapy. The results show that NBIs significantly improve mental health outcomes, reducing depressive symptoms, anxiety, and negative affect while enhancing positive mood. The most effective interventions lasted 8 to 12 weeks, with sessions ranging from 20 to 90 minutes. While improvements in mental well-being were well-supported, the evidence for physical health benefits was less clear, with no consistent effects on blood pressure or lipid levels.

The findings highlight the potential of NBIs as both preventive and therapeutic tools for mental health, particularly in community-based settings. The study suggests that NBIs provide benefits through mechanisms such as nature connectedness, social support, physical activity, and stress reduction. However, further research is needed to identify optimal program structures and better understand the physiological impacts of these interventions. Given the increasing demand for mental health support, especially post-pandemic, the study advocates for greater investment in structured nature-based programs to enhance community resilience and well-being.

Link

Coventry, P. A., Brown, J., Pervin, J., Brabyn, S., Pateman, R., Breedvelt, J., Gilbody, S., Stancliffe, R., McEachan, R., & White, P. (2021). Nature-based outdoor activities for mental and physical health: Systematic review and meta-analysis. SSM – Population Health, 16, 100934.

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