RESEARCH

The Effect of Exposure to the Natural Environment on Stress Reduction: A Meta-Analysis

A meta-analysis of 31 studies found that exposure to natural environments significantly reduces stress indicators like cortisol, anxiety, and blood pressure.

Program Types: Therapeutic

Population Groups: General Population

Setting or Context: Natural Areas/Parks/Forest

Health and Wellness Outcomes: Improved Mental Health, Improved Stress Management, Sensory Stimulation, Improved Physical Health

Allied Profession Intersections: Recreational Therapy, Forest/Ecotherapy

Type of Activity: Forest/Natural Area Immersion

Evidence Type: Meta-Analyses/Systematic Reviews

Measurement and Evaluation: Metrics for Mental Health, Metrics for Physical Health

Access: Paid

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Summary

This meta-analysis examined the effects of natural environment exposure on stress relief, analyzing 31 studies with 1,842 participants. The results showed that increased exposure to nature was associated with decreased salivary cortisol, state anxiety, self-reported stress, blood pressure, and heart rate variability, as well as increased restorative outcomes. These findings provide compelling evidence that exposure to natural environments can reduce stress and improve health. However, the study noted significant heterogeneity between studies and a high risk of bias. The authors recommend future research focus on reducing bias and improving quality to strengthen the evidence base, which could help convince policymakers and health professionals of the stress-relieving benefits of nature exposure and encourage the creation and maintenance of accessible green spaces in areas lacking them.

Link

Yao, W., Zhang, X., & Gong, Q. (2021). The effect of exposure to the natural environment on stress reduction: A meta-analysis. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 57, 126932. https://doi.org/

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